Affirming the consequent, sometimes called converse error, is a formal fallacy, committed by reasoning in the form: If P, then Q. Q. Therefore, P. Arguments of this form are invalid, in that arguments of this form do not always give good reason to establish their conclusions, even if their premises are true. The name affirming the consequent derives from the premise Q, which affirms the “then” clause of the conditional premise. One way to demonstrate the invalidity of this argument form is with a counterexample with true premises but an obviously false conclusion. For example: If Bill Gate...

Albert Einstein once said “A little knowledge is a dangerous thing…so is a lot.” I was in a discussion with a gentleman recently regarding his mantra “I’d rather know God than know about God. I’ve traded my theology in for theognosis.” The discussion remained civil except for the pedantc “claims” made by some random atheists who spouted the oft-repeated and long-time defeated arguments of their kind but I digress. The main topic of discussion is the necessity of theological discourse for the average Christian. Whether it be big words, conc...

The name derives from the Greek word telos, meaning goal or purpose.  The argument contends that as we observe certain features of ourselves, the world, and the universe, we have the strong intuition that these features were designed to achieve some special purpose or goal. Many thinkers have asserted that these instances of design point to an incredibly powerful and intelligent designer – God. Scripture seems to validate this intuition in passages like Psalm 19:1-4 and Romans 1:19-21. Famously, the design argument was the fifth of Thomas Aquinas’ Five Ways of rationally discerning God’...